基于Java实现的Base64加密、解密原理代码

前端技术 2023/09/03 Java

一、概述

1.Base64是什么：

Base64是网络上最常见的用于传输8Bit字节代码的编码方式之一，大家可以查看RFC2045～RFC2049，上面有MIME的详细规范。Base64编码可用于在HTTP环境下传递较长的标识信息。例如，在Java Persistence系统Hibernate中，就采用了Base64来将一个较长的唯一标识符（一般为128-bit的UUID）编码为一个字符串，用作HTTP表单和HTTP GET URL中的参数。在其他应用程序中，也常常需要把二进制数据编码为适合放在URL（包括隐藏表单域）中的形式。此时，采用Base64编码不仅比较简短，同时也具有不可读性，即所编码的数据不会被人用肉眼所直接看到

2.简介：

标准的Base64并不适合直接放在URL里传输，因为URL编码器会把标准Base64中的“/”和“+”字符变为形如“%XX”的形式，而这些“%”号在存入数据库时还需要再进行转换，因为ANSI SQL中已将“%”号用作通配符。

为解决此问题，可采用一种用于URL的改进Base64编码，它不在末尾填充\'=\'号，并将标准Base64中的“+”和“/”分别改成了“*”和“-”，这样就免去了在URL编解码和数据库存储时所要作的转换，避免了编码信息长度在此过程中的增加，并统一了数据库、表单等处对象标识符的格式。

另有一种用于正则表达式的改进Base64变种，它将“+”和“/”改成了“!”和“-”，因为“+”,“*”以及前面在IRCu中用到的“[”和“]”在正则表达式中都可能具有特殊含义。

此外还有一些变种，它们将“+/”改为“_-”或“._”（用作编程语言中的标识符名称）或“.-”（用于XML中的Nmtoken）甚至“_:”（用于XML中的Name）。

Base64要求把每三个8Bit的字节转换为四个6Bit的字节（3*8 = 4*6 = 24），然后把6Bit再添两位高位0，组成四个8Bit的字节，也就是说，转换后的字符串理论上将要比原来的长1/3。

3.规则：

关于这个编码的规则：

①.把3个字符变成4个字符..
②.每76个字符加一个换行符..
③.最后的结束符也要处理..
这样说会不会太抽象了？不用着急，我们来看一个例子：
转换前： aaaaaabb ccccdddd eeffffff
转换后： 00aaaaaa 00bbcccc 00ddddee 00ffffff
应该很清楚了吧？上面的三个字节是原文，下面的四个字节是转换后的Base64编码，其前两位均为0。
转换后，我们用一个码表来得到我们想要的字符串（也就是最终的Base64编码）

二、java实现代码示例：

public final class Base64 {

 static private final int BASELENGTH = 255;
 static private final int LOOKUPLENGTH = 64;
 static private final int TWENTYFOURBITGROUP = 24;
 static private final int EIGHTBIT = 8;
 static private final int SIXTEENBIT = 16;
 static private final int SIXBIT = 6;
 static private final int FOURBYTE = 4;
 static private final int SIGN = -128;
 static private final char PAD = \'=\';
 static private final boolean fDebug = false;
 static final private byte[] base64Alphabet = new byte[BASELENGTH];
 static final private char[] lookUpBase64Alphabet = new char[LOOKUPLENGTH];

 static {

 for (int i = 0; i < BASELENGTH; i++) {
  base64Alphabet[i] = -1;
 }
 for (int i = \'Z\'; i >= \'A\'; i--) {
  base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - \'A\');
 }
 for (int i = \'z\'; i >= \'a\'; i--) {
  base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - \'a\' + 26);
 }

 for (int i = \'9\'; i >= \'0\'; i--) {
  base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - \'0\' + 52);
 }

 base64Alphabet[\'+\'] = 62;
 base64Alphabet[\'/\'] = 63;

 for (int i = 0; i <= 25; i++)
  lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) (\'A\' + i);

 for (int i = 26, j = 0; i <= 51; i++, j++)
  lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) (\'a\' + j);

 for (int i = 52, j = 0; i <= 61; i++, j++)
  lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) (\'0\' + j);
 lookUpBase64Alphabet[62] = (char) \'+\';
 lookUpBase64Alphabet[63] = (char) \'/\';

 }

 protected static boolean isWhiteSpace(char octect) {
 return (octect == 0x20 || octect == 0xd || octect == 0xa || octect == 0x9);
 }

 protected static boolean isPad(char octect) {
 return (octect == PAD);
 }

 protected static boolean isData(char octect) {
 return (base64Alphabet[octect] != -1);
 }

 protected static boolean isBase64(char octect) {
 return (isWhiteSpace(octect) || isPad(octect) || isData(octect));
 }

 /**
 * Encodes hex octects into Base64
 * 
 * @param binaryData
 *      Array containing binaryData
 * @return Encoded Base64 array
 */
 public static String encode(byte[] binaryData) {

 if (binaryData == null)
  return null;

 int lengthDataBits = binaryData.length * EIGHTBIT;
 if (lengthDataBits == 0) {
  return \"\";
 }

 int fewerThan24bits = lengthDataBits % TWENTYFOURBITGROUP;
 int numberTriplets = lengthDataBits / TWENTYFOURBITGROUP;
 int numberQuartet = fewerThan24bits != 0 ? numberTriplets + 1
  : numberTriplets;
 int numberLines = (numberQuartet - 1) / 19 + 1;
 char encodedData[] = null;

 encodedData = new char[numberQuartet * 4 + numberLines];

 byte k = 0, l = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0, b3 = 0;

 int encodedIndex = 0;
 int dataIndex = 0;
 int i = 0;
 if (fDebug) {
  System.out.println(\"number of triplets = \" + numberTriplets);
 }

 for (int line = 0; line < numberLines - 1; line++) {
  for (int quartet = 0; quartet < 19; quartet++) {
  b1 = binaryData[dataIndex++];
  b2 = binaryData[dataIndex++];
  b3 = binaryData[dataIndex++];

  if (fDebug) {
   System.out.println(\"b1= \" + b1 + \", b2= \" + b2 + \", b3= \"
    + b3);
  }

  l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f);
  k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);

  byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)
   : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);

  byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4)
   : (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0);
  byte val3 = ((b3 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b3 >> 6)
   : (byte) ((b3) >> 6 ^ 0xfc);

  if (fDebug) {
   System.out.println(\"val2 = \" + val2);
   System.out.println(\"k4 = \" + (k << 4));
   System.out.println(\"vak = \" + (val2 | (k << 4)));
  }

  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2
   | (k << 4)];
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[(l << 2)
   | val3];
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[b3 & 0x3f];

  i++;
  }
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = 0xa;
 }

 for (; i < numberTriplets; i++) {
  b1 = binaryData[dataIndex++];
  b2 = binaryData[dataIndex++];
  b3 = binaryData[dataIndex++];

  if (fDebug) {
  System.out.println(\"b1= \" + b1 + \", b2= \" + b2 + \", b3= \" + b3);
  }

  l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f);
  k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);

  byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)
   : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);

  byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4)
   : (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0);
  byte val3 = ((b3 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b3 >> 6)
   : (byte) ((b3) >> 6 ^ 0xfc);

  if (fDebug) {
  System.out.println(\"val2 = \" + val2);
  System.out.println(\"k4 = \" + (k << 4));
  System.out.println(\"vak = \" + (val2 | (k << 4)));
  }

  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2 | (k << 4)];
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[(l << 2) | val3];
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[b3 & 0x3f];
 }

 // form integral number of 6-bit groups
 if (fewerThan24bits == EIGHTBIT) {
  b1 = binaryData[dataIndex];
  k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);
  if (fDebug) {
  System.out.println(\"b1=\" + b1);
  System.out.println(\"b1<<2 = \" + (b1 >> 2));
  }
  byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)
   : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[k << 4];
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD;
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD;
 } else if (fewerThan24bits == SIXTEENBIT) {
  b1 = binaryData[dataIndex];
  b2 = binaryData[dataIndex + 1];
  l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f);
  k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);

  byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)
   : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);
  byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4)
   : (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0);

  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2 | (k << 4)];
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[l << 2];
  encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD;
 }

 encodedData[encodedIndex] = 0xa;

 return new String(encodedData);
 }

 /**
 * Decodes Base64 data into octects
 * 
 * @param binaryData
 *      Byte array containing Base64 data
 * @return Array containind decoded data.
 */
 public static byte[] decode(String encoded) {

 if (encoded == null)
  return null;

 char[] base64Data = encoded.toCharArray();
 // remove white spaces
 int len = removeWhiteSpace(base64Data);

 if (len % FOURBYTE != 0) {
  return null;// should be divisible by four
 }

 int numberQuadruple = (len / FOURBYTE);

 if (numberQuadruple == 0)
  return new byte[0];

 byte decodedData[] = null;
 byte b1 = 0, b2 = 0, b3 = 0, b4 = 0, marker0 = 0, marker1 = 0;
 char d1 = 0, d2 = 0, d3 = 0, d4 = 0;

 int i = 0;
 int encodedIndex = 0;
 int dataIndex = 0;
 decodedData = new byte[(numberQuadruple) * 3];

 for (; i < numberQuadruple - 1; i++) {

  if (!isData((d1 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))
   || !isData((d2 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))
   || !isData((d3 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))
   || !isData((d4 = base64Data[dataIndex++])))
  return null;// if found \"no data\" just return null

  b1 = base64Alphabet[d1];
  b2 = base64Alphabet[d2];
  b3 = base64Alphabet[d3];
  b4 = base64Alphabet[d4];

  decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);
  decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf));
  decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b3 << 6 | b4);
 }

 if (!isData((d1 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))
  || !isData((d2 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))) {
  return null;// if found \"no data\" just return null
 }

 b1 = base64Alphabet[d1];
 b2 = base64Alphabet[d2];

 d3 = base64Data[dataIndex++];
 d4 = base64Data[dataIndex++];
 if (!isData((d3)) || !isData((d4))) {// Check if they are PAD characters
  if (isPad(d3) && isPad(d4)) { // Two PAD e.g. 3c[Pad][Pad]
  if ((b2 & 0xf) != 0)// last 4 bits should be zero
   return null;
  byte[] tmp = new byte[i * 3 + 1];
  System.arraycopy(decodedData, 0, tmp, 0, i * 3);
  tmp[encodedIndex] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);
  return tmp;
  } else if (!isPad(d3) && isPad(d4)) { // One PAD e.g. 3cQ[Pad]
  b3 = base64Alphabet[d3];
  if ((b3 & 0x3) != 0)// last 2 bits should be zero
   return null;
  byte[] tmp = new byte[i * 3 + 2];
  System.arraycopy(decodedData, 0, tmp, 0, i * 3);
  tmp[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);
  tmp[encodedIndex] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf));
  return tmp;
  } else {
  return null;// an error like \"3c[Pad]r\", \"3cdX\", \"3cXd\", \"3cXX\"
    // where X is non data
  }
 } else { // No PAD e.g 3cQl
  b3 = base64Alphabet[d3];
  b4 = base64Alphabet[d4];
  decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);
  decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf));
  decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b3 << 6 | b4);

 }

 return decodedData;
 }

 /**
 * remove WhiteSpace from MIME containing encoded Base64 data.
 * 
 * @param data
 *      the byte array of base64 data (with WS)
 * @return the new length
 */
 protected static int removeWhiteSpace(char[] data) {
 if (data == null)
  return 0;

 // count characters that\'s not whitespace
 int newSize = 0;
 int len = data.length;
 for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
  if (!isWhiteSpace(data[i]))
  data[newSize++] = data[i];
 }
 return newSize;
 }
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 System.out.println(encode(\"中华人民共和国\".getBytes()));
 }
}

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