C#数据结构之双向链表(DbLinkList)实例详解

前端技术 2023/09/09 C#

本文实例讲述了C#数据结构之双向链表(DbLinkList)。分享给大家供大家参考，具体如下：

这是继上一篇《C#数据结构之单链表(LinkList)实例详解》的继续，对于双向链接，节点上除了Next属性外，还要有Prev属性用来指向前一个节点，DbNode定义如下：

namespace 线性表
{
  public class DbNode<T>
  {
    private T data;
    private DbNode<T> prev;
    private DbNode<T> next;
    public DbNode(T data, DbNode<T> next,DbNode<T> prev)
    {
      this.data = data;
      this.next = next;
      this.prev = prev;
    }
    public DbNode(T data, DbNode<T> next) 
    {
      this.data = data;
      this.next = next;
      this.prev = null;
    }
    public DbNode(DbNode<T> next) 
    {
      this.data = default(T);
      this.next = next;
      this.prev = null;
    }
    public DbNode(T data) 
    {
      this.data = data;
      this.next = null;
      this.prev = null;
    }
    public DbNode() 
    {
      data = default(T);
      next = null;
      prev = null;
    }
    public T Data 
    {
      set { this.data = value; }
      get { return this.data; }
    }
    public DbNode<T> Prev 
    {
      get { return prev; }
      set { prev = value; }
    }
    public DbNode<T> Next 
    {
      get { return next; }
      set { next = value; }
    }
  }
}

双链表的插入操作要稍微复杂一点，示意图如下：

同样对于删除操作，也要额外处理prev指向

完整实现DbLinkList<T>：

using System;
using System.Text;
namespace 线性表
{
  public class DbLinkList<T> : IListDS<T>
  {
    private DbNode<T> head;
    public DbNode<T> Head
    {
      get { return head; }
      set { head = value; }
    }
    public DbLinkList()
    {
      head = null;
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 类索引器
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name=\"index\"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public T this[int index] 
    {
      get
      {
        return this.GetItemAt(index);
      }
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 返回单链表的长度
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public int Count()
    {
      DbNode<T> p = head;
      int len = 0;
      while (p != null)
      {
        len++;
        p = p.Next;
      }
      return len;
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 清空
    /// </summary>
    public void Clear()
    {
      head = null;
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 是否为空
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public bool IsEmpty()
    {
      return head == null;
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 在最后附加元素
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name=\"item\"></param>
    public void Append(T item)
    {
      DbNode<T> d = new DbNode<T>(item);
      DbNode<T> n = new DbNode<T>();
      if (head == null)
      {
        head = d;
        return;
      }
      n = head;
      while (n.Next != null)
      {
        n = n.Next;
      }
      n.Next = d;
      d.Prev = n;
    }
    //前插
    public void InsertBefore(T item, int i)
    {
      if (IsEmpty() || i < 0)
      {
        Console.WriteLine(\"List is empty or Position is error!\");
        return;
      }
      //在最开头插入
      if (i == 0)
      {
        DbNode<T> q = new DbNode<T>(item);
        q.Next = head;//把\"头\"改成第二个元素
        head.Prev = q;
        head = q;//把自己设置为\"头\"
        return;
      }
      DbNode<T> n = head;
      DbNode<T> d = new DbNode<T>();
      int j = 0;
      //找到位置i的前一个元素d
      while (n.Next != null && j < i)
      {
        d = n;
        n = n.Next;
        j++;
      }
      if (n.Next == null) //说明是在最后节点插入(即追加)
      {
        DbNode<T> q = new DbNode<T>(item);
        n.Next = q;
        q.Prev = n;
        q.Next = null;
      }
      else
      {
        if (j == i)
        {
          DbNode<T> q = new DbNode<T>(item);
          d.Next = q;
          q.Prev = d;
          q.Next = n;
          n.Prev = q;
        }
      }
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 在位置i后插入元素item
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name=\"item\"></param>
    /// <param name=\"i\"></param>
    public void InsertAfter(T item, int i)
    {
      if (IsEmpty() || i < 0)
      {
        Console.WriteLine(\"List is empty or Position is error!\");
        return;
      }
      if (i == 0)
      {
        DbNode<T> q = new DbNode<T>(item);
        q.Next = head.Next;
        head.Next.Prev = q;
        head.Next = q;
        q.Prev = head;
        return;
      }
      DbNode<T> p = head;
      int j = 0;
      while (p != null && j < i)
      {
        p = p.Next;
        j++;
      }
      if (j == i)
      {
        DbNode<T> q = new DbNode<T>(item);
        q.Next = p.Next;
        if (p.Next != null)
        {
          p.Next.Prev = q;
        }
        p.Next = q;
        q.Prev = p;
      }
      else      
      {
        Console.WriteLine(\"Position is error!\");
      }
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 删除位置i的元素
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name=\"i\"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public T RemoveAt(int i)
    {
      if (IsEmpty() || i < 0)
      {
        Console.WriteLine(\"Link is empty or Position is error!\");
        return default(T);
      }
      DbNode<T> q = new DbNode<T>();
      if (i == 0)
      {
        q = head;
        head = head.Next;
        head.Prev = null;
        return q.Data;
      }
      DbNode<T> p = head;
      int j = 0;
      while (p.Next != null && j < i)
      {
        j++;
        q = p;
        p = p.Next;
      }
      if (j == i)
      {
        p.Next.Prev = q;
        q.Next = p.Next;        
        return p.Data;
      }
      else
      {
        Console.WriteLine(\"The node is not exist!\");
        return default(T);
      }
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 获取指定位置的元素
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name=\"i\"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public T GetItemAt(int i)
    {
      if (IsEmpty())
      {
        Console.WriteLine(\"List is empty!\");
        return default(T);
      }
      DbNode<T> p = new DbNode<T>();
      p = head;
      if (i == 0) 
      { 
        return p.Data; 
      }
      int j = 0;
      while (p.Next != null && j < i)
      {
        j++;
        p = p.Next;
      }
      if (j == i)
      {
        return p.Data;
      }
      else
      {
        Console.WriteLine(\"The node is not exist!\");
        return default(T);
      }
    }
    //按元素值查找索引
    public int IndexOf(T value)
    {
      if (IsEmpty())
      {
        Console.WriteLine(\"List is Empty!\");
        return -1;
      }
      DbNode<T> p = new DbNode<T>();
      p = head;
      int i = 0;
      while (!p.Data.Equals(value) && p.Next != null)
      {
        p = p.Next;
        i++;
      }
      return i;
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 元素反转
    /// </summary>
    public void Reverse()
    {
      DbLinkList<T> result = new DbLinkList<T>();
      DbNode<T> t = this.head;
      result.Head = new DbNode<T>(t.Data);
      t = t.Next;
      //(把当前链接的元素从head开始遍历，逐个插入到另一个空链表中，这样得到的新链表正好元素顺序跟原链表是相反的)
      while (t!=null)
      {        
        result.InsertBefore(t.Data, 0);
        t = t.Next;
      }
      this.head = result.head;//将原链表直接挂到\"反转后的链表\"上
      result = null;//显式清空原链表的引用，以便让GC能直接回收
    }
    //得到某个指定的节点(为了下面测试从后向前遍历)
    private DbNode<T> GetNodeAt(int i){
      if (IsEmpty())
      {
        Console.WriteLine(\"List is empty!\");
        return null;
      }
      DbNode<T> p = new DbNode<T>();
      p = head;
      if (i == 0)
      {
        return p;
      }
      int j = 0;
      while (p.Next != null && j < i)
      {
        j++;
        p = p.Next;
      }
      if (j == i)
      {
        return p;
      }
      else
      {
        Console.WriteLine(\"The node is not exist!\");
        return null;
      }
    }
    /// <summary>
    /// 测试用prev属性从后面开始遍历
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public string TestPrevErgodic() 
    {
      DbNode<T> tail = GetNodeAt(Count() - 1);
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
      sb.Append(tail.Data.ToString() + \",\");
      while (tail.Prev != null)
      {
        sb.Append(tail.Prev.Data.ToString() + \",\");
        tail = tail.Prev;
      }
      return sb.ToString().TrimEnd(\',\');      
    }
    public override string ToString()
    {
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
      DbNode<T> n = this.head;
      sb.Append(n.Data.ToString() + \",\");
      while (n.Next != null)
      {
        sb.Append(n.Next.Data.ToString() + \",\");
        n = n.Next;
      }
      return sb.ToString().TrimEnd(\',\');
    }
  }
}

测试代码片段：

Console.WriteLine(\"-------------------------------------\");
Console.WriteLine(\"双链表测试开始...\");
DbLinkList<string> dblink = new DbLinkList<string>();
dblink.Head = new DbNode<string>(\"x\");
dblink.InsertBefore(\"w\", 0);
dblink.InsertBefore(\"v\", 0);
dblink.Append(\"y\");
dblink.InsertBefore(\"z\", dblink.Count());
Console.WriteLine(dblink.Count());//5
Console.WriteLine(dblink.ToString());//v,w,x,y,z
Console.WriteLine(dblink[1]);//w
Console.WriteLine(dblink[0]);//v
Console.WriteLine(dblink[4]);//z
Console.WriteLine(dblink.IndexOf(\"z\"));//4
Console.WriteLine(dblink.RemoveAt(2));//x
Console.WriteLine(dblink.ToString());//v,w,y,z
dblink.InsertBefore(\"x\", 2);
Console.WriteLine(dblink.ToString());//v,w,x,y,z
Console.WriteLine(dblink.GetItemAt(2));//x
dblink.Reverse();
Console.WriteLine(dblink.ToString());//z,y,x,w,v
dblink.InsertAfter(\"1\", 0);
dblink.InsertAfter(\"2\", 1);
dblink.InsertAfter(\"6\", 5);
dblink.InsertAfter(\"8\", 7);
dblink.InsertAfter(\"A\", 10);//Position is error!
Console.WriteLine(dblink.ToString()); //z,1,2,y,x,w,6,v,8 
string _tail = dblink.GetItemAt(dblink.Count()-1);
Console.WriteLine(_tail);
Console.WriteLine(dblink.TestPrevErgodic());//8
Console.ReadKey(); //8,v,6,w,x,y,2,1,z

当然从上面的测试代码中，似乎并不能看出双链表的优点，双链表的好处在于，如果需要在链表中，需要通过某个节点得到它的前驱节点时，双链表直接用prev属性就能找到；而单链表要做到这一点，必须再次从Head节点开始一个一个用Next向下找，这样时间复杂度从O(n)降到O(1)，显然更有效率。

注：如果把双链表再做一下改造，让头尾接起来，即Head的Prev属性指向最后一个节点(就叫做Tail吧)，同时把Tail节点的Next属性指向Head节点，就形成了所谓的“循环双向链表”

当然，这样的结构可以在链表中再增加一个Tail节点属性，在做元素插入或删除时，可以循环到底以更新尾节点Tail(当然这样会给插入/删除元素带来一些额外的开销)，但是却可以给GetItemAt(int i)方法带来优化的空间，比如要查找的元素在前半段时，可以从Head开始用next向后找；反之，如果要找的元素在后半段，则可以从Tail节点用prev属性向前找。

注：.Net中微软已经给出了一个内置的双向链表System.Collections.Generic.LinkedList<T>，在了解双链表的原理后，建议大家直接系统内置的链表。

希望本文所述对大家C#程序设计有所帮助。

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