每天一篇javascript学习小结(面向对象编程)

前端技术 2023/09/08 JavaScript

1、面向对象的工厂方法

 function createPerson(name, age, job){
   var o = new Object();
   o.name = name;
   o.age = age;
   o.job = job;
   o.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
   }; 
   return o;
  }
  
  var person1 = createPerson(\"Nicholas\", 29, \"Software Engineer\");
  var person2 = createPerson(\"Greg\", 27, \"Doctor\");
  
  person1.sayName(); //\"Nicholas\"
  person2.sayName(); //\"Greg\"

工厂模型的方法的缺点是会产生大量重复代码!

2、构造函数模式创建对象

 function Person(name, age, job){
   this.name = name;
   this.age = age;
   this.job = job;
   this.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
   }; 
  }
  
  var person1 = new Person(\"Nicholas\", 29, \"Software Engineer\");
  var person2 = new Person(\"Greg\", 27, \"Doctor\");
  
  person1.sayName(); //\"Nicholas\"
  person2.sayName(); //\"Greg\"
  
  alert(person1 instanceof Object); //true
  alert(person1 instanceof Person); //true
  alert(person2 instanceof Object); //true
  alert(person2 instanceof Person); //true
  
  alert(person1.constructor == Person); //true
  alert(person2.constructor == Person); //true
  
  alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //false  

 使用new关键字创建对象会经历以下四个过程

  • 1、创建一个新对象
  • 2、将构造函数的作用域赋给一个新对象(因此this就指向了这个新对象)
  • 3、执行构造函数的方法(为这个新对象赋值)
  • 4、返回新对象

3、将构造函数当函数用

 function Person(name, age, job){
   this.name = name;
   this.age = age;
   this.job = job;
   this.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
   };
  }
  
  var person = new Person(\"Nicholas\", 29, \"Software Engineer\");
  person.sayName(); //\"Nicholas\"
  
  Person(\"Greg\", 27, \"Doctor\"); //adds to window
  window.sayName(); //\"Greg\"
  
  var o = new Object();
  Person.call(o, \"Kristen\", 25, \"Nurse\");
  o.sayName(); //\"Kristen\"

构造函数当做函数使用就和普通的函数没有任何不同,它属于window对象下面添加的方法而已。由于构造函数创建的对象实际上是创建一个新对象,因此在本质上两者还是不一样的,还是分离的,他们的方法还是不一样的!

4、将共有的方法方法全局解决不一致的问题

 function Person(name, age, job){
   this.name = name;
   this.age = age;
   this.job = job;
   this.sayName = sayName;
  }
  
  function sayName(){
   alert(this.name);
  }
  
  var person1 = new Person(\"Nicholas\", 29, \"Software Engineer\");
  var person2 = new Person(\"Greg\", 27, \"Doctor\");
  
  person1.sayName(); //\"Nicholas\"
  person2.sayName(); //\"Greg\"
  
  alert(person1 instanceof Object); //true
  alert(person1 instanceof Person); //true
  alert(person2 instanceof Object); //true
  alert(person2 instanceof Person); //true
  
  alert(person1.constructor == Person); //true
  alert(person2.constructor == Person); //true
  
  alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //true  

虽然上面的方法解决了一致的问题,但是定义的全局的方法本身属于window,那么局部和全局就没有分开!所以这个方法使用的并不多见!也不建议使用。

5、原型模式

我们创建的任何的一个函数都有一个原型对象,这个属性是一个指针,它指向一个对象,而这个对象的作用是可以有特定的类型的所有的实例共享的方法!

 function Person(){
  }
  
  Person.prototype.name = \"Nicholas\";
  Person.prototype.age = 29;
  Person.prototype.job = \"Software Engineer\";
  Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
   alert(this.name);
  };
  
  var person1 = new Person();
  person1.sayName(); //\"Nicholas\"
  
  var person2 = new Person();
  person2.sayName(); //\"Nicholas\"
  
  alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //true
  
  alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person1)); //true
  alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person2)); //true
  
  //only works if Object.getPrototypeOf() is available
  if (Object.getPrototypeOf){
   alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1) == Person.prototype); //true
   alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1).name); //\"Nicholas\"
  }

理解原型

无论什么时候只要是创建了一个函数,就会创建一个原型属性,这个属性指向函数的原型对象。在默认的情况下,原型对象都会包含一个constructor(构造函数属性),这个属性包含一个指向prototype属性所在函数的指针!

属性读取的顺序

每当代码读取某个对象的属性时候,都会执行一次搜索,目标是具有给定名字的属性,搜索从对象的实例本身开始查找,如有则返回,没有则继续搜索该对象的原型链,直至搜索到原型链的最外层!

 function Person(){
  }
  
  Person.prototype.name = \"Nicholas\";
  Person.prototype.age = 29;
  Person.prototype.job = \"Software Engineer\";
  Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
   alert(this.name);
  };
  
  var person1 = new Person();
  var person2 = new Person();
  
  person1.name = \"Greg\";
  alert(person1.name); //\"Greg\" 来自实例
  alert(person2.name); //\"Nicholas\" 来自原型

如果删除了这个元素的实例属性

function Person(){
  }
  
  Person.prototype.name = \"Nicholas\";
  Person.prototype.age = 29;
  Person.prototype.job = \"Software Engineer\";
  Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
   alert(this.name);
  };
  
  var person1 = new Person();
  var person2 = new Person();
  
  person1.name = \"Greg\";
  alert(person1.name); //\"Greg\" ?from instance
  alert(person2.name); //\"Nicholas\" ?from prototype
  
  delete person1.name;
  alert(person1.name); //\"Nicholas\" - from the prototype

6、hasOwnProperty方法

这个方法可以检测一个属性是否存在于实例中,还是存在于原型中!hasOwnProperty是从Object继承来的,只要给定属性存在于对象实例中,才会返回true.

 function Person(){
    }
    
    Person.prototype.name = \"Nicholas\";
    Person.prototype.age = 29;
    Person.prototype.job = \"Software Engineer\";
    Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
      alert(this.name);
    };
    
    var person1 = new Person();
    var person2 = new Person();
    
    alert(person1.hasOwnProperty(\"name\")); //false
    alert(\"name\" in person1); //true
    
    person1.name = \"Greg\";
    alert(person1.name);  //\"Greg\" ?from instance
    alert(person1.hasOwnProperty(\"name\")); //true
    alert(\"name\" in person1); //true
    
    alert(person2.name);  //\"Nicholas\" ?from prototype
    alert(person2.hasOwnProperty(\"name\")); //false
    alert(\"name\" in person2); //true
    
    delete person1.name;
    alert(person1.name);  //\"Nicholas\" - from the prototype
    alert(person1.hasOwnProperty(\"name\")); //false
    alert(\"name\" in person1); //true

7、Object.keys() 可枚举属性方法

这个方法接收一个对象作为参数,返回一个包含所有可枚举属性的字符串数组

 function Person(){
    }
    
    Person.prototype.name = \"Nicholas\";
    Person.prototype.age = 29;
    Person.prototype.job = \"Software Engineer\";
    Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
      alert(this.name);
    };
    
    var keys = Object.keys(Person.prototype);
    alert(keys);  //\"name,age,job,sayName\"
如果想得到所有实例的属性,无论它是否可以枚举都可以使用这个方法来获取
 function Person(){
    }
    
    Person.prototype.name = \"Nicholas\";
    Person.prototype.age = 29;
    Person.prototype.job = \"Software Engineer\";
    Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
      alert(this.name);
    };
    
    var keys = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Person.prototype);
    alert(keys);  //\"constructor,name,age,job,sayName\"

此方法高版本浏览器才支持

8、简单的原型写法

 function Person(){
    }
    
    Person.prototype = {
      name : \"Nicholas\",
      age : 29,
      job: \"Software Engineer\",
      sayName : function () {
        alert(this.name);
      }
    };

    var friend = new Person();
    
    alert(friend instanceof Object); //true
    alert(friend instanceof Person); //true
    alert(friend.constructor == Person); //false
    alert(friend.constructor == Object); //true

重写了原型就等于将默认的原型方法覆盖,那么同样的构造方法也会被重写,重写的构造方法指向了Object对象!而不是原来的对象Person

如果还是想指向之前的构造方法,可以显示的指定

 function Person(){
    }
    
    Person.prototype = {
      constructor : Person,
      name : \"Nicholas\",
      age : 29,
      job: \"Software Engineer\",
      sayName : function () {
        alert(this.name);
      }
    };

    var friend = new Person();
    
    alert(friend instanceof Object); //true
    alert(friend instanceof Person); //true
    alert(friend.constructor == Person); //true
    alert(friend.constructor == Object); //false

9、原型方法的动态添加

function Person(){
    }
    
    Person.prototype = {
      constructor: Person,
      name : \"Nicholas\",
      age : 29,
      job : \"Software Engineer\",
      sayName : function () {
        alert(this.name);
      }
    };
    
    var friend = new Person();
    
    Person.prototype.sayHi = function(){
      alert(\"hi\");
    };
    
    friend.sayHi();  //\"hi\" ?works!

10、原生对象的原型方法

alert(typeof Array.prototype.sort);     //\"function\"
    alert(typeof String.prototype.substring);  //\"function\"

    String.prototype.startsWith = function (text) {//修改原生对象的原型方法
      return this.indexOf(text) == 0;
    };
    
    var msg = \"Hello world!\";
    alert(msg.startsWith(\"Hello\"));  //true

11、组合使用构造函数和原型模式创建对象

//构造函数模式
function Person(name, age, job){
      this.name = name;
      this.age = age;
      this.job = job;
      this.friends = [\"Shelby\", \"Court\"];
    }
    //原型模式
    Person.prototype = {
      constructor: Person,
      sayName : function () {
        alert(this.name);
      }
    };
    
    var person1 = new Person(\"Nicholas\", 29, \"Software Engineer\");
    var person2 = new Person(\"Greg\", 27, \"Doctor\");
    
    person1.friends.push(\"Van\");
    
    alert(person1.friends);  //\"Shelby,Court,Van\"
    alert(person2.friends);  //\"Shelby,Court\"
    alert(person1.friends === person2.friends); //false
    alert(person1.sayName === person2.sayName); //true

12、动态原型模式

function Person(name, age, job){
    
      //properties
      this.name = name;
      this.age = age;
      this.job = job;
      
      //methods
      if (typeof this.sayName != \"function\"){
      
        Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
          alert(this.name);
        };
        
      }
    }

    var friend = new Person(\"Nicholas\", 29, \"Software Engineer\");
    friend.sayName();

13、寄生构造函数模式

 function Person(name, age, job){
var o = new Object();//依赖全局对象初始化一个对象,然后再返回这个对象
o.name = name;
o.age = age;
o.job = job;
o.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
}; 
return o;
}

var friend = new Person(\"Nicholas\", 29, \"Software Engineer\");
friend.sayName(); //\"Nicholas\"

function SpecialArray(){ 

//create the array
var values = new Array();

//add the values
values.push.apply(values, arguments);

//assign the method
values.toPipedString = function(){
return this.join(\"|\");
};

//return it
return values; 
}

var colors = new SpecialArray(\"red\", \"blue\", \"green\");
alert(colors.toPipedString()); //\"red|blue|green\"

alert(colors instanceof SpecialArray);

上诉方法有一点说明下,由于它是依赖外层对象来创建一个新对象,因此不能依赖 instanceof方法来确定属性和方法的来源!它实际上和构造函数的没有关系!

14、稳妥构造函数模式

 function Person(name, age, job){
      var o = new Object();
      o.sayName = function(){
        alert(name);
      };  
      return o;
    }
    
    var friend = Person(\"Nicholas\", 29, \"Software Engineer\");
    friend.sayName(); //\"Nicholas\"

此方法不依赖任何new this 关键符!如果要访问对象的方法和属性,只能通过对象已经定义好的方法来获取!

15、继承
javascript实现继承是通过原型链来实现的

function SuperType(){
      this.property = true;//定义一个属性
    }
    
    SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){//定义的原型方法
      return this.property;
    };
    
    function SubType(){
      this.subproperty = false;
    }
    
    //inherit from SuperType
    SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
    
    SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
      return this.subproperty;
    };
    
    var instance = new SubType();
    alert(instance.getSuperValue());  //true
    
    alert(instance instanceof Object);   //true
    alert(instance instanceof SuperType);  //true
    alert(instance instanceof SubType);   //true

    alert(Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance));  //true
    alert(SuperType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
    alert(SubType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance));  //true
SubType继承SuperType的方法和属性,因此当instance可以直接调用SuperType的方法!
 function SuperType(){
      this.property = true;
    }
    
    SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
      return this.property;
    };
    
    function SubType(){
      this.subproperty = false;
    }
    
    //inherit from SuperType
    SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
    
    //new method
    SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
      return this.subproperty;
    };
    
    //override existing method
    SubType.prototype.getSuperValue = function (){
      return false;
    };
    
    var instance = new SubType();
    alert(instance.getSuperValue());  //false

上面的例子说明,重写的原型会覆盖之前继承的原型,最后返回的往往不是预期的效果

 function SuperType(){
      this.property = true;
    }
    
    SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
      return this.property;
    };
    
    function SubType(){
      this.subproperty = false;
    }
    
    //inherit from SuperType
    SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
    
    //使用字面量添加的方法导致上面的方法失效了
    SubType.prototype = {
      getSubValue : function (){
        return this.subproperty;
      },
    
      someOtherMethod : function (){
        return false;
      }
    }; 
    
    var instance = new SubType();
    console.log(instance);
    alert(instance.getSuperValue());  //error!

下面的例子也说明重写原型带来的风险

 function SuperType(){
      this.colors = [\"red\", \"blue\", \"green\"];
    }

    function SubType(){      
    }
    
    //inherit from SuperType
    SubType.prototype = new SuperType();

    var instance1 = new SubType();
    instance1.colors.push(\"black\");
    alert(instance1.colors);  //\"red,blue,green,black\"
    
    var instance2 = new SubType();
    alert(instance2.colors);  //\"red,blue,green,black\"

原型共享导致两个不同的对象调用的同一个数据
16、借用构造函数来实现继承

 function SuperType(){
      this.colors = [\"red\", \"blue\", \"green\"];
    }

    function SubType(){ 
      //inherit from SuperType
      SuperType.call(this);
    }

    var instance1 = new SubType();
    instance1.colors.push(\"black\");
    alert(instance1.colors);  //\"red,blue,green,black\"
    
    var instance2 = new SubType();
    alert(instance2.colors);  //\"red,blue,green\"

传递参数

 function SuperType(name){
      this.name = name;
    }

    function SubType(){ 
      //inherit from SuperType passing in an argument
      SuperType.call(this, \"Nicholas\");
      
      //instance property
      this.age = 29;
    }

    var instance = new SubType();
    alert(instance.name);  //\"Nicholas\";
    alert(instance.age);   //29

17、组合继承方式

function SuperType(name){
      this.name = name;
      this.colors = [\"red\", \"blue\", \"green\"];
    }
    
    SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
      alert(this.name);
    };

    function SubType(name, age){ 
      SuperType.call(this, name);
      
      this.age = age;
    }

18、原型继承

 function object(o){
      function F(){}
      F.prototype = o;
      return new F();
    }
    
    var person = {
      name: \"Nicholas\",
      friends: [\"Shelby\", \"Court\", \"Van\"]
    };
    
    var anotherPerson = object(person);
    anotherPerson.name = \"Greg\";
    anotherPerson.friends.push(\"Rob\");

19、寄生组合式继承

 function object(o){
      function F(){}
      F.prototype = o;
      return new F();
    }
  
    function inheritPrototype(subType, superType){
      var prototype = object(superType.prototype);  //create object
      prototype.constructor = subType;        //augment object
      subType.prototype = prototype;         //assign object
    }
                
    function SuperType(name){
      this.name = name;
      this.colors = [\"red\", \"blue\", \"green\"];
    }
    
    SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
      alert(this.name);
    };

    function SubType(name, age){ 
      SuperType.call(this, name);
      
      this.age = age;
    }

    inheritPrototype(SubType, SuperType);
    
    SubType.prototype.sayAge = function(){
      alert(this.age);
    };
    
    var instance1 = new SubType(\"Nicholas\", 29);
    instance1.colors.push(\"black\");
    alert(instance1.colors); //\"red,blue,green,black\"
    instance1.sayName();   //\"Nicholas\";
    instance1.sayAge();    //29
    
    
    var instance2 = new SubType(\"Greg\", 27);
    alert(instance2.colors); //\"red,blue,green\"
    instance2.sayName();   //\"Greg\";
    instance2.sayAge();    //27

以上就是今天的javascript学习小结,之后每天还会继续更新,希望大家继续关注。

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